This report synthesizes insights from leading plant scientists across the United States, Europe, and China to establish global research priorities aimed at helping agriculture adapt to accelerating climate variability. Through expert interviews and a virtual workshop convened by the Supporters of Agricultural Research (SoAR) Foundation in 2020, the study identifies five interconnected priority domains essential for building resilient, resource-efficient crop systems: (1) harnessing plant genetic diversity through large-scale sequencing, trait mining, and improved germplasm characterization; (2) advancing field- and laboratory-based phenotyping integrated with microbiome analysis to understand genotype–environment–microbiome interactions; (3) developing mechanistic, multi-scale models that link genomic, physiological, and environmental data to predict crop performance under diverse conditions; (4) improving climate models for both abiotic and biotic stresses, particularly pests and pathogens whose ranges are shifting with climate change; and (5) deepening understanding of soil systems, nutrient cycling, and water-use efficiency to enhance carbon sequestration and reduce agricultural inputs.