This new Commentary provides a scientific assessment of the production potential and regional impacts of large-scale cellulosic ethanol production. It discusses the need for national investments and policy changes to address challenges limiting the production and efficient use of cellulosic biomass as a fuel feedstock to meet U.S. needs.

Recent dramatic increases in energy costs are having a direct bearing on all agricultural activities within the United States. This commentary discusses the use of energy in agriculture and the food industry in light of current federal and state policies. Energy production from bio-sources also is addressed.

Composed of five stand-alone pieces, this issue paper highlights the current science, processes, and potentials for energy production through agriculture, and outlines future research needs. Among the topics addressed in this introduction to the subject of bioenergy are the economics and rural development of bioenergy, environmental and natural resource effects, technology and research, and the need for a systems approach. Public policy considerations such as long-term societal issues and acceptable risk also are discussed.